Studies have shown that fetal ultrasounds can improve MFA and while individual studies have not shown the utility of 3D ultrasonography over 2D ultrasonography, the trend favors the more accurate representation of the fetus. A review also found that an MFA increase using various interventions can reduce induced anxiety and depression. Recently a study showed that offering a third-trimester routine ultrasound does not have a psychological benefit for all pregnant women, yet it might improve MFA for women with higher levels of depressive symptoms. MFA and PFA have received even less clinical attention and research aimed at designing interventions to improve attachment scores in pregnancy. Pharmacologic therapies have been utilized to treat depression and anxiety successfully but their safety in pregnancy has been debated and treatment with pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic interventions have not been proven to reduce the health risks commonly associated with antenatal depression or anxiety beyond psychological symptoms. These psychological factors are associated with placental abruption, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia/hypertension, preterm birth, intra-uterine fetal demise, and maternal death. The list of negative impacts on pregnant women, their fetuses and infants related to antenatal depression, anxiety and low MFA is staggering. While the prevalence of maternal antenatal depression (20.7% 95% CI 19.4–21.9 ) and maternal anxiety (24.6% 95% CI 21.2–28.0 ) is well documented, MFA and PFA have been studied less frequently. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA), paternal-fetal attachment (PFA), perinatal anxiety and depression are psychological constructs facing pregnant couples today. Randomized controlled trials utilizing 3D printed models to improve psychological constructs should be supported considering the findings within these four cases. The degree to which the anxiety, depression, and attachment scores improved after the presentation of the 3D printed models is encouraging. Each case shows for the first time possible beneficial effects within these prevalent and significant problems. We present three cases involving 3D printed models and four different but interrelated psychological constructs- antenatal depression, antenatal anxiety, maternal-fetal attachment, and paternal-fetal attachment. As printing capabilities improve and applications are explored there may be more advantages for all parents to visualize and touch 3D printed models of their fetus. 3D printing has especially been used in conjunction with 3D ultrasonography to assist in antenatal assessment and presurgical planning with fetal malformations. 3D printing is being utilized in almost every aspect of medicine.
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